Why This Is the Most Exciting Time to Be Human | Ken Ono, Axiom Math

Intro

00:00Exactly one year ago, I was happy golucky university professor writing my papers. I would have described myself as someone who had enjoyed the privilege of being good at mathematics. And then there was a dramatic change. Now I'm deeply troubled.

00:19For the first time, I struggled to assemble questions that chatt would get wrong. These models know more facts than any human you would ever find. I was devastated. Was thinking, how am I going to stay ahead of AI? Is that I actually think that's the wrong question.

00:38Knowledge quickly became cheap. If our goal is to always stay ahead of AI, then I think we're going to lose. My name is Ken Ono. I'm a mathematician and I also work in the space called AI for math. I'm a professor at the University of Virginia on leave and I'm the founding mathematician at Axiom Math.

What Remains When the Machine Knows More

01:07The very first time I heard the term artificial intelligence was in 1993 and I met a faculty member who said I work in artificial intelligence. My very first words [music] were, "Oh, that's interesting." Um, I specialize in natural intelligence and I was cocky.

01:30I would have my butt handed to me many times for using words like that. But that's where I came from. Exactly one year ago, I was a happy golucky university professor writing my papers, enjoying life at the University of Virginia. And then there was a dramatic change.

01:48I came face tof face with large language models at work. The Frontier Math program where this company based in Berkeley called Epoch AI hired professional mathematicians from around the world to assemble very difficult math problems and their goal was to assess the capabilities of large language models as as they improve.

02:07For the first time, I struggled to assemble questions that chat GPT would get wrong. I was devastated at the time. time. I was one of the few scientists who had been given access [music] to these state-of-the-art models. And I had to be patient for a few months to go by before the world did recognize that, [music] yeah, these models know so much.

02:31These models know more facts than any human you would ever find. So, for a few months, I was devastated. I was thinking, how am I going to stay [music] ahead of AI? I actually think that's the wrong question. If our goal is to always stay ahead of AI, then uh I think we're going to lose.

02:56Nobody would be interested in watching Usain Bolt race against a motorcycle in the one mile run. It's not a fair race. But we still watch the Olympics. We as a society now know how to accept that machines can outperform humans in every physical way.

03:14But we're still now coming to grips with the fact that the brain, deep inquiry computers have caught up. The large language models should be thought of as the most extraordinary librarian the world has ever seen. If [music] it has been written down, the large language model has probably seen it.

03:32If it's on YouTube, large language model has probably been trained on it. If you read a newspaper article by the afternoon, the large language model has probably seen it. Good luck with competing [music] with that ability to collect information.

03:45It information knowledge is now cheap, but how you use it and how you verify it has become more expensive. Do you want your librarian to be your neurosurgeon? [music] Do you want your librarian to be your air traffic controller somehow keeping an eye on the hundreds of planes that are flying over North America or Korea?

04:05No way. because that human judgment is important. My identity has changed. My view on intelligence now has changed quite a bit. The ability to reason, make proper inferences, [music] whether you can do it quickly or slowly, it doesn't matter.

04:24But can you create a new concept? Can you generate ideas? [music] Can you string concepts together in a deep way? That is intelligence. That is not the regurgitation of facts and we're not good at teaching that. Are you good at setting the dials [music] to design a system from scratch that was going to produce some gadget whether it's as an industry [music] or a computer program or perhaps a whole new area of science.

04:52[music] That's deep intelligence and it rarely is the form that [music] is recognized in schools at any level. Do you have the ability to recognize patterns [music] in areas of thought that can be transferred from one discipline to another so that you can propel another area forward?

05:12I would have said 5 years ago, oh that's just being in the right spot at the right time. But that's unfair being in the right spot at the right time. But you still have to make that observation. So there's an element of recognizing a target of opportunity that is genius.

05:28[music] And I don't use genius very lightly. The student, the worker who becomes an expert in their niche field [music] because they plug away and learn something new about that field every day is so hard-nosed and is [music] so committed that that is also intelligence and a kind of genius that we need to recognize.

05:57I have a very unique [music]

My Search for Ramanujan - Finding the Genius the System Misses

05:59personal story that I'm a son of a mathematician. When I was a child, I was considered gifted in mathematics and my parents decided at an early age that I was going to be a mathematician. My parents [music] actually had a plan for all three of the boys.

06:14My oldest brother was going to be a pianist. He did it. I was the [music] youngest was going to be a mathematician. And the middle son, who they said wasn't good at math and wasn't gifted in music, well, he should just go work in [music] a bank, just make a living, which inspired him to do great things.

06:33My brother Santa uh has gone on to become the president of the University of Michigan. He's [music] a very distinguished scientist, and he was literally driven by this need to prove that his early assessment [music] was incorrect. For me, it almost went in a very bad way.

06:51I dropped out of high school. The last thing I wanted to be in [music] high school was anything my parents wanted me to be. I didn't want to be the one Asian kid in class that was expected to be good at math when all the other kids like had lives.

07:05I couldn't play baseball, you know, the all-American pastime. I I and I hated it. In April of 1984, I was of the mindset that I'm going to run away from home. I'm never going to see my parents again, [music] and I don't care about that. That's I'm going to strike out on my own.

07:26In April 1984, a letter came to the house addressed to my father. It was on this yellowed piece of paper that looked like it might as well have been 100 years old. It was a letter written by Janaki Amal who was a widow of the Indian mathematician Romanagen.

07:41and she thanked my father for making a small gift to help commission a statue in in memory of Romanen and me seeing my dad cry and he [music] never cried who's very almost no emotions this letter brought him to tears and he brought this letter to [music] me afterwards I have to tell someone what this is about so Romanagen it turned out I learned that day was a mystic an autodidact He had visions of mathematics that his [music] goddess he believed gave him gifts of formulas that he would write down in his notebooks.

08:20Because of his passion for mathematics, he didn't study in any of his other courses. So, he ended up flunking out of college twice. Here's my dad talking about someone who was a two-time college dropout, but had left behind three notebooks filled with formulas that he was studying himself.

08:40And I only learned later one of the reasons that my father was so in love [music] with the story of Romanagen is because Romanen had actually represented hope for him. His one chance in life as a Japanese mathematician post World War II. My father wanted to be a mathematician but he went to college at a time when the world was at war.

09:02He loved mathematics as a way of escaping from [music] long lines waiting for food. In the aftermath of World War II, the United States sent some of [music] their best mathematicians to Japan to rebuild the universities and train the mathematicians.

09:20My father first learned about Romanagen at [music] the conference where he was discovered by a Princeton professor who invited him to [music] study with him at Princeton launching his career. Romanian died at a very early age [music] at 32.

09:35He was nearly forgotten and the mathematicians of the world contributed small gifts to give Mrs. Romanagen the statue that the government had promised her in 1920. That letter and a photograph that she shared with us of the statue, it represented him remembering what it was like for [music] him to struggle and the moment where he got his chance.

10:01So what did Romanen mean to me that day? It gave me hope in the following. [music] It was the first time I heard my parents say and look up to like a hero someone who hadn't gone to Harvard or Princeton and was a perfect student. On the contrary, it turned out my father's hero was a two-time college dropout.

10:21And I needed [music] that. Later at the University of Chicago, I was a horrible student. But right before my senior year, flipping through the channels on the television, I saw a video public broadcasting service documentary about Romanen, who I hadn't thought about in years.

10:40And I was fascinated because here on in color on TV were was more than the vaguest of outlines about Roman that my dad told me. There was the whole story and it kind of jumpstarted me. I had a lot of catching up to do there. where I became a good student and it was [music] then when the biography of Romanen came out called the man who knew infinity maybe it was a sign maybe I was meant to follow Romanagen and so I started to work on a [music] thesis based on his work and I'm so glad I made that choice because by the end of my PhD uh what I worked [music] on was called the theory

11:18of gowal representations which was meant to study Romanogen's backwater mathematics but by 1993 the bombshell news and mathematics for the end of the 20th century was a proof of from last theorem and the proof of form's last theorem depend on these galwis representations.

11:36I don't know what it is following Roman every time he appeared has been like the best decision I've ever made in my life and every one of those could have gone a different way. So one important theme about Romanagen for me is where would we be and I don't mean just me as a mathematician [music] where would we all collectively be had he not been discovered that is a world I cannot fathom and because of that you're left wondering there must be other Romanogens walking planet earth maybe they don't come from privilege how do we find them and how do we nurture them

12:16when we find them I was lucky enough for a number of years to run a program called the spirit of Romanagen where we looked for undiscovered [music] talent and what's interesting about this my boss my former student Karina Hong studied with me in a a research program she was one of our first recipients we discovered her makes me wonder where she would be today had she [music] not received this spirit of Romanagen fellowship there are I am sure many many undiscovered folks that we need to find.

12:49I think the idea, the ability and the potential [music] to be someone like Romanagen or at least creative in a productive way, I think it resides in us all. You just have [music] to give students of all ages the opportunity to a be brave enough to act on their c curiosity [music] and then offer them a system that embraces it.

What's Left to Teach When Knowledge is Free

13:13Some of your best students in Korea, the best students in United States, best students worldwide, they're stressed out in high school. They're probably even stressed out in in middle school worrying about how do I get into the right high school?

13:23How do I get into the right college? Will I get the right test scores? If you're motivated to participate in those just because they are checkboxes, that's messed up. And I'm not saying that you shouldn't do that because I don't want to be ignorant and say don't participate in the system that will ultimately decide your fate with regard to college.

13:43But pause and recognize you're participating in that system. Education starts with inspiring people to want to know more about the world in which they live. wanting to know more about the cultures of the world because we share the world together and appreciate what is different in other parts of the world and in other cultures because that's why I went to college, right?

14:07I wanted to learn about those things. That's why I travel the world. [music] If you have children that are infants, how wonderful is it to play with them, say with like a stack of boxes or building blocks, play for children is science. They're not really learning about gravity, but they're really learning about gravity.

14:29They may pile blocks on top of the other and knock them over and giggle and they'll do it again. Think about how wonderful the world is [music] when you get to learn about it without worrying about what your future and what your reputation will [music] be.

14:42I want when my students are in my class to say, "This is a wonderful class, Professor Ono, because the subject is beautiful." and I do my very best to try to get that across. But I'm not a fool. I know that I'm participating in a system where [music] at the end of the day, the students are worried, am I going to get an A or [music] not?

15:02And how will that impact my ability to go to graduate school in math or medical school or law school because that GPA is [music] so important? And I hate that. I utterly hate that. Why? It's an opportunity lost. What I like about AI and this is actually how I transitioned from being devastated by AI has already read my papers.

15:28It understands my papers better than I remember them. [music] Think about all the subjects in adjacent areas of mathematics that I could just ask AI about and the AI is not going to laugh at me and it as a great librarian will dutifully answer [music] any question I would ask.

15:44the access to knowledge. If you are privileged enough to have access to the internet and [music] you are privileged enough to be able to afford access to a large language model, knowledge quickly became cheap. In the United States, it could cost $80,000 to spend one year uh attending a university.

16:02Um, [music] and here's the dirty secret. I could learn everything that you would learn bookwise academically from a large language model at my own pace. probably accelerated [music] with a large language model. What I would not get would be the human access, how the right questions were derived, [music] what the next questions in a field might be.

16:23That's why we still go to college and that's why we still need professors. But all of the other stuff, the tutoring, the precision learning that AI can help with. I actually believe that we in this world aren't doing the best we can at educating our children.

16:42And I don't say that to be critical of educators. I am an educator. But it's always a treat to visit a kindergarten class, a first grade class when it's bring your parent to school day so they can talk about what they do. Oh, I know all the prime numbers or I'm really good at adding that wonder and I want to just bottle up this energy because if we could maintain that wonder in the world and the energy that children have when everything around them is new.

17:16Think about where we would be today. Said go find your passion. The best scientists in the world need to still view the world as a wondrous thing. [music] The best doctors in the world still need to recognize that what they practice is supposed to come from a place of benevolence.

17:35Not I have this practice, but I'm a university professor that happens to be has a clinical practice and I'm going to write articles about my patients. I think that's messed up. If we pay so much attention on and value so much perfection and speed in ordinary test taking, [music] then how are we training someone to be the next Einstein or the next you name [music] famous professor was just wondering out loud in their lab, I wonder if such and such is true.

18:05For my children, I want them to be passionate about the world that they live in. And if you're passionate about the world that you you live in, then you're deeply worried about the climate. You're deeply worried about the conflict [music] that exists between different cultures, which there's wars all over the place.

18:23How can that happen? Who are the people that you really look up to the most? Maybe they are the oddballs in [snorts] in my country in the United States where education is so expensive. You could come out of college with $150,000 in debt and then you may go on to a professional school acrewing another $200,000 in debt and [music] then three years later discovering I can't stand the sight of blood but now I can't leave my profession because I have all of these loans.

18:52That is purgatory. You then are stuck. And that's when your life is well I go to work [music] because it pays the bills. Who owns your identity? You do.